How does NDM-1 detect producers?
Screening for carriers of NDM-1 producers may be based on media such as the ChromID ESBL culture medium routinely used to screen for extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers, which gives excellent detection levels with low limits of detection ranging from 8 × 10(0) to 5 × 10(2) CFU/ml.
What are NDM-1 producers?
The NDM producers are multidrug-resistant organisms that cause infections associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Most of the NDM-1 producers remain susceptible only to two bactericidal antibiotics (colistin and fosfomycin) and a single bacteriostatic antibiotic (tigecycline).
Are NDM-1 producers resistant to all antibiotics?
Bacteria with the NDM-1 gene are part of a larger group of superbug bacteria that are extremely hard to treat and can spread easily in hospitals. Most NDM-1 strains are resistant to all commonly used antibiotics.
What is the significance of the NDM-1 gene?
The NDM-1 gene allows the bacterium to produce an enzyme that neutralizes the activity of these antibiotics.
What does NDM-1 encode in a microbe?
The gene for NDM-1 is one member of a large gene family that encodes beta-lactamase enzymes called carbapenemases. Bacteria that produce carbapenemases are often referred to in the news media as “superbugs” because infections caused by them are difficult to treat.
What is CRE NDM?
Abbreviations: CRE = carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae; NDM = New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase. *Community-associated: no known health care exposures, including hospitalizations, long-term care facility residence, surgery, dialysis, or indwelling devices.
Is NDM-1 a plasmid?
pHFK418-NDM, a pPrY2001-like plasmid, is the only virulence gene-carrying plasmid, indicating that this plasmid can not only carry a large number of drug resistance genes, but also integrate virulence genes within it (Figure 1B).
In what way is KPC similar to NDM-1?
The similarities in the spread and resistance spectra of KPC and NDM-1 (both provide resistance to nearly all β-lactam antimicrobial drugs) leads to the hypothesis that similar mobile elements will make both genes available to similar pathogen populations.
What is NDM in microbiology?
New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) is a metallo-β-lactamase able to hydrolyze almost all β-lactams. Twenty-four NDM variants have been identified in >60 species of 11 bacterial families, and several variants have enhanced carbapenemase activity.
Is NDM-1 a genome?
Results: The assembled sequence had a genome size of 4,127,528 bp with G+C content of 51%. The resistome consisted of 13 antibiotic resistance genes including blaNDM-1 located in a plasmid likely acquired from Acinetobacter spp.
Does CRE go away?
CRE are resistant to most drugs. These germs make an enzyme that breaks down antibiotics before they can work. That’s why the strongest of those drugs, called carbapenems, may not cure the infection. Your doctor may still give you antibiotics when you have CRE.
Is Enterobacter cloacae a CRE?
Definition. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have been defined as carbapenem-nonsusceptible and extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae complex, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Klebsiella oxytoca.
Who are the NDM-1 producers in the world?
By 2009, a study in Mumbai revealed 24 carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, 22 of which were NDM-1 producers. Of these 22 organisms, 10 were klebsiella species, 9 were Escherichia coli, 2 were enterobacter species, and 1 was Morganella morganii — illustrating the ability of the plasmid to spread rapidly among strains of Enterobacteriaceae.
What can be done about the spread of NDM-1?
At the moment, the only way to combat the spread of bacteria expressing NDM-1 is through the following measures: So far, patients with NDM-1-related infections have been treated on a case-by-case basis, with a combination of medications, but few effective and no oral treatments are available for many of the infections caused by NDM-1.
Is the New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase gene ( NDM-1 )?
The New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase gene (bla (NDM-1)) has emerged as a worldwide concern among isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. Its epidemiology is been strongly associated with travel and healthcare on the Indian Subcontinent. We report two cases of urinary tract infection with Enterobacteriaceae harboring a bla (NDM-1).
When was the first case of NDM-1 discovered?
K. pneumoniae containing NDM-1 was first discovered in 2008. By 2009, a study in Mumbai revealed 24 carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, 22 of which were NDM-1 producers.