What is polymorphism as used in chemistry?
Introduction. Polymorphism is a common phenomenon of crystalline materials. It describes the ability of a substance to exist as two or more crystalline phases that have different arrangements of the molecules in the solid state but are otherwise identical in terms of chemical content.
What are examples of polymorphs?
Some common examples of polymorphs are calcite and aragonite. The composition of these two minerals is CaCO3, but calcite is rhombohedral while aragonite is orthorhombic. Diamond and graphite , both of which are pure carbon , are also polymorphs.
What is polymorphism in organic chemistry?
The phenomenon of one chemical species showing more than one possible unit cell configuration is known as polymorphism. Many crystalline materials can form different polymorphs in order to minimize their crystal lattice energy under specific thermodynamic conditions.
How do you detect polymorphs?
A common method of polymorphism detection is to align polymorphisms with reference genomic sequences using high-speed aligner programs, such as bwa or bowtie [1, 2], and then to extract polymorphic portions with filter programs such as Samtools and GATK [3, 4].
What is polymorphism give its significance?
In materials science, polymorphism describes the existence of a solid material in more than one form or crystal structure. Polymorphism is a form of isomerism. Polymorphism is of practical relevance to pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, pigments, dyestuffs, foods, and explosives.
What are the application of polymorphism?
Types of Polymorphism Considering the stability of the solid crystals with respect to temperature and pressure, we can classify polymorphism into two broad categories. Mono-tropic Polymorphism: In the mono-tropic system of polymorphism, only one polymorph is stable for all acceptable temperatures.
What is polymorphism crystalline?
In the crystallographic context, polymorphism, from the Greek poly (many) and morphe (form), also known as crystal polymorphism, refers to the ability of a certain compound to exist in different crystallographic structures, resulting from different packing arrangements of its molecules in the crystal structure1.
Which mineral pair is the correct example of polymorphism?
Classical examples of polymorphism are the pair of minerals calcite and aragonite, both forms of calcium carbonate.
Which drugs show polymorphism?
The most important properties during drug discovery and development include solubility, dissolution, bioavailability, and physical/chemical stability. The best known polymorphs showing a significantly different bioavailability in human study are chloramphenicol palmitate [5] and mefenamic acid [6].
What are the properties of polymorphism?
Polymorphs can have significant differences in their physical properties even though they are chemically identical. Physical properties include solubility, melting point, particle size, dissolution rate, hygroscopicity, and others.
What is polymorphism DNA?
​Polymorphism = Polymorphism involves one of two or more variants of a particular DNA sequence. The most common type of polymorphism involves variation at a single base pair. Polymorphisms can also be much larger in size and involve long stretches of DNA.
What is polymorphism in drug discovery?
DRUG POLYMORPHISM. Polymorphism which is common in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), is the ability of a substance crystallization into more than two crystalline forms.